Role of National Security in Pakistan

Role of National Security in Pakistan Pakistan had its first ever created national security policy from the day of its independence. At this stage it is important that Pakistan formed a comprehensive plan for the government for next five years to over come the difficulties of terrorism and low economic condition. Also the increasing terrorism in Pakistan has some severe issues on its national security. Much of the loss Pakistan faced in the previous some decades was due to the terrorism which is increasing day by day. This security policy is very significant in formulation because it shows a great effort to over come the situation of terrorism and we need a strategy plan to eliminate the security issues existing in our country. That internal policy made into soft component and hard component are comprehensive responsive plan (CRP) and composite deterrence plan(CDP) , respectively. These are set to combat against the threats to internal security. It is also criticize on some occasions but as a whole it is significant that the NSP is essential for this situation in Pakistan. What Is National Security? After the world war 2 , the different countries wants to be stable condidition in their countries. While their internal and external relations are not well.they are not advocated properly and need some kind of security measures to improve the condition of their relations with others. So in view of these instability America made its first policy which ensures their security measures at best level. Thus they made a council to take some serious steps in terms of their security making institutions.[1] In this way it is become the important factor to formulize the internal as well as external security policy for a better long term relations with others. What’s Included In National Security Policy? The national security policy (NSP) is not limited to the extent of security measures of a state. Thus it is now a wider term comprises of: economic , social , political and military strategy was well as the foreign policy. The secret agencies work under the government to uphold the situation of peace in the country and save it from the internal and external threats. As for a progress of a country it is essential for it that it hold a strong command over its economy and also its political structure be in democratic way transerfer from one to other in a fair manner. As terrorism is a fact who mostly mostly affected many of the countries and especially of the countries in which we live. The danger to our country lies in the policy making of our country and also the alliencies to which we are sided and on what basis we support them. Thus the national security policy determine our future and had a significant role in a countrys progress. Why Is There Any Need Of National Security Policy? One may asked that what so important in national security policy that’s it is essential for our country. The answer is very simple that from the day of independence Pakistan face issue of its existence. As in those days india is not ready to accept independence of Pakistan that’s why Pakistan has always a threat form india over its existence. Also india behavour over the neccession of states and war of 1948 , Pakistan has always a defensive position and had serious threats from some aliens force that’s why its impact on pakistans policy always remains. The Kashmir issue and Afghanistan role in 50s over independence of pakhtonistan become the hurdles in pakistans security threats and for that reason Pakistan has always remain in a defensive position. Also the increasing terrorism in Pakistan has some severe issues on its national security. Much of the loss Pakistan faced in the previous some decades was due to the terrorism which is increasing day by day. Due to instability of politics of Pakistan the democracy didn’t perform well and thus major decision were made by the dictators in Pakistan,for which Pakistan still faces crisis in every field due to improper planning. [2] The military intervention in Pakistans politics proves so fatal that its consequences are still observed in multiple forms. Thus due to these factors the national security didn’t operate well or didn’t made it to the required level. And Pakistan always faced crisis over Kashmir issue and in afghanistans issue. Emergence Of National Security Policy In Pakistan The concept of NSP arose in the regime of general yahaya khan who recommendation of the admiral ahsan formed a national security council (NSC). A NSC is formed to update the president and prime minister directly. Its main function os to provide the basic information on internal security. This NSC is dissolved by zulfiqar ali Bhutto and defense committee of cabinet (DCC) was created in its place. Then it is reconstructed by general zia ul haq. After this is remain in active for a long time as it is dissolved by DCC again by Benazir Bhutto. After that it is made active by general pervaiz musharraf in 2004 in which he made tariq aziz a civil bureucreat the secretary of NSC council. It worked for a long time unless in 2008 when ppp convert it into DCC agsin. The reason for not working properly this NSC was that it is always involved in the politics and help military to take over the civilian governments due to the members of its which are mostly from the retired military officers and bureucreats. That’s the reason it is become unfavourite for The civilian government and they always against this because they take care of the politics and not concern in making national security policy. Re-Construction Of NSC In Nawaz Regime 2013 As the nawaz sharif won the election of 2013 by majority seats of national assembly and formed a government in the center he thus made the sartaj aziz secretetary of national security council on june 2013. They greatly emphazised by the interior minister to formulat the national security policy in order to come over the terrorism situation in Pakistan. The interior minister ch. Nisar greatly contribute in the formulation of national security policy whose efforts are came up with the NISP of Pakistan and then presented to the NA of Pakistan to passed it but was delayed due to some improvements in it. This security policy is very significant in formulation because it shows a great effort to over come the situation of terrorism and we need a stretagy plan to eliminate the security issues existing in our country. Draft of national security policy for 2013-14 in Pakistan: The policy introduced by government of Pakistan comprises over three parts i,e Strategic Operational Secret There is some problem with this type of division because it is difficult to understand as it is comprises over some secret information which is not shareable with the public but it is appreciated that it is on such issues which are key factor for this policy.[3] It includes sovereignty of Pakistan and according to it the peace talk to stakeholder can be only one condition that the isolation of extremist from alien agencies funding. The NISP is formed due to the global terrorism in the whole of world and also the issue of Afghanistan and its effects to the pakistans security. Also focuses on the elimination of extremism, sectarianism , terrorism and militancy from our country and an adequate planning on it. The NISP also includes the internal security especially , but also focus on external security and strategy to come over such threats. This will remain included in the ministry of defense jurisdiction. The focus on other issues such as social , economic , environmental and political issues also included in the draft. Civil liberty emphasis in National security policy and ensure their safety. The threat perception as Pakistan face some serious extremism on its social and economic level. Also to break the shadow linkage of these organizations. Also to maintain writ of state. Ensures fundamental rights of people. As said earlier that internal policy made into soft component and hard component are comprehensive responsive plan (CRP) and composite deterrence plan(CDP) , respectively.these are set to combat against the threats to internal security. The first component of CRP comprise on peace talks and also the rehabilitation of the victims of terrorism. The programme of reconstruction of those institutions affected by the terrorism are monitor by NACTA. NACTA will develop de-radicalisation with help of NISP. NACTA will also started a reconciliation with consultation of various groups for peace building process in Pakistan. The re-integration process provides people to improve their economic condition by applying Youth Engagement Strategy (YES). It also improves the educational madrassas system by supporting them in their finance and administration system. The NISP will also focus to come up with certain legal reforms in our legal system to improve the judicial system as well as ensures fundamental rights of people by courts. NACTA represents the reports on how to improve the prosecution , judiciary and police etc. Composite deterrene plan (CDP) will allow many national internal security apparatus to work properly and provides them full technique help on all issues. The NISP also improves the national internal security institutions. An awareness to people is given to stop the extremism , sectarianism and terrorism through media , civil society. The implementation on the de-radicalization also included so that the rehabilitation may acquire upto a desire level. A proper gateway to monitor madrassas and religious institutions at federal and provincial level. Improve the situation of socially and economic of terrorism affected areas at federal and provincial level. The rehabilitation of children , women and minorities must be ensured. The places of national heritage must be preserved under a specific policy. Steps should be taken to de-ammunize the cities. Steps should be taken to evoke the misuse of media , social media and reforms on issuance of new mobile sim. The cybercrimes prohibited and take measures against it.[4] Improve national database system so that the identification of people and evaluaton on their assets be ensured. The measurement on the problem of afghan refugees and control their movement under the law. Steps taken to stop the smuggling in country and improvement in border line security. An agency of directorate of internal security (DIS) is made which will work under NACTA. This agency had 33 members which are from civilians as well as from military men who works together to conduct intelligence on internal security. This will eliminate terrorism from country and also ensures public safety. There should be a federal rapid response force (FRRF) with counter terrorism department (CTD) which works in Capital Terroritery , FATA , Azad Kashmir and Gilgit Baltistan with their unique coordination and command. Beside this there should be a provincial rapid response force (PRRF) with CTD also exist at provincial level. Also taken measure for the destruction of biological weapons and its use is prohibited. The international cooperation is required to control global terrorism and also their coordination. All agencies report issues to NACTA within 30 days limit. The information is also provided to ministry of defense under which they work and provide them with full information where required . Also the information from public required and suggestions are invited through intelligence and media. These suggestion are improved NISP by NACTA. Implementation Of The National Security Policy The implementation of the NSP is ensured by the counter terrorism department CTD with the help of police and other institutions of the type because the coordination and proper cooperation it is not implement. The police will help the DIS to gather information and present it to the national internal security operation center (NISOC) for further improvement in NSP. The police shall establish a specialized counter terrorism department for their help and maintenance and establishment of weapons and machinery exist according to NSP.[5] The facility of air flight emergency shall provided to these institutions. Good Intentions In National Security Policy The NACTA is an important step by the government as this NACTA (National Counter Terrorism Authority) is linkage between federal and provincial level and also between the security agencies because the lack of coordination can result in very drastic condition of security issues and face crises after this lack of coordination. Reforms in madrassas also appreciable. Cooperation between civil and military institutions Issue of afghan refugees Cooperation between federal and provincial level Action against cybercrimes Formulation of RRF(rapid responsive force ) Fundamental Rights of people Process of rehabilitation , reconciliation and reconstruction of terrorism affected areas Isolation of terrorist Criticism On National Security Policy Some of the issues are criticize in the national security policy of Pakistan and also some suggestions are given to government on this draft which are as follows: As the policy divides into three parts that is strategic , operational and secret so the classification or justification of issues become so confused that one may not defined them in proper category. The draft as said the extremism , sectarianism , terrorism and militancy division but the document need some explanation on their difference so that people should aware properly in this respect. As civil liberties are ensured but there is not a comprehensive legal regime in this respect and need a committee of jurist to overview the legal system. Also the disputes are peacefully solve under the rule of law but the extremist didn’t admit rule of law of state so what will the basis for the talks with the stakeholders are need to be improve. There are also some protection on comprehensive response plan CRP and combined deterrence plan CDP and need some justification on such issues. The cooperation between the federal responsive force RRF and provincial responsive force exist but what if they are not agreed on the cooperation. Instead of making the counter terrorism department the reforms shall be introduced in the police and made CTD under the police so that the security issues can be made better.[6] Also the security institutions need some men with brains not with guns and officials should be involved in the field of communication , forensic , lawyers , and financial experts etc. In short there may be some flaws in the national security but its significance can not be denied at all and it’s a good step taken by government. Nowadays as there are concept of global terrorism and without a strict cooperation between institutions the peace situation can never be achieved. So for a peaceful environment these steps should be taken at all cost. This NSP hope best prove for our country and we achieved a situation of law and order in our Pakistan. It is also criticize on some occasions but as a whole it is significant that the NSP is essential for this situation in Pakistan. Bibliography http://www.na.gov.pk/uploads/documents/05-03-2014(Wednesday) (accessed 5 05, 2014). http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/rss_viewer/national_security_strategy (accessed 5 6, 14). †¢ http://www.fas.org/man/docs/nssr-98 (accessed 5 7, 14). http://www.lamoncloa.gob.es/NR/rdonlyres/9EE78C07-C971-440B-B297- (accessed 5 7, 14). PILDAT. http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:http://www.pildat.org/Publications/publication/CMR/NationalInternalSecurtiyPolicy_AnAnalysis (accessed 04 05, 2014). the nation. http://www.nation.com.pk/islamabad/06-Mar-2014/mnas-for-joint-session-to-debate-nisp (accessed 5 5, 2014). WN.COM. http://article.wn.com/view/2014/03/02/Internal_Security_Policy_aims_for_deradicalisation_in_Pakist/ (accessed 5 5, 2014). alarabiya. http://english.alarabiya.net/en/views/news/world/2014/03/04/Imperatives-of-Pakistan-National-Security-Policy.html (accessed 5 6, 14). haider, ejaz. (accessed 5 6http://newsweekpakistan.com/national-internal-security-policy-and-the-road-ahead/, 14). the hindu.com. http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/south-asia/internal-security-policy-aims-for-deradicalisation-in-pakistan/article5743530.ece (accessed 5 6, 14). [1] http://www.na.gov.pk/uploads/documents/05-03-2014(Wednesday) (accessed 5 05, 2014). [2] PILDAT. http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:http://www.pildat.org/Publications/publication/CMR/NationalInternalSecurtiyPolicy_AnAnalysis (accessed 04 05, 2014). [3] http://www.na.gov.pk/uploads/documents/05-03-2014(Wednesday) (accessed 5 05, 2014). [4] http://www.na.gov.pk/uploads/documents/05-03-2014(Wednesday) (accessed 5 05, 2014). [5] the nation. http://www.nation.com.pk/islamabad/06-Mar-2014/mnas-for-joint-session-to-debate-nisp (accessed 5 5, 2014). [6] http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/rss_viewer/national_security_strategy (accessed 5 6, 14).

Bureaucracy in Tigbao Primary Multi Purpose Cooperative Inc.

INTRODUCTION Bureaucracy refers to the management of large organizations characterized by hierarchy of authority, fixed rules and regulations, impersonal relationships, rigid adherence to procedures, and a highly specialized division of labor. Bureaucracy is often associated with large entities such as government, corporations and non-governmental organizations. This includes businesses, government, education and religion. Bureaucracy connotes a rational, efficient method of accomplishing organizational goals as this would contribute to coordination and control in an organization. Max Weber, a German sociologist and political economist, gave much importance on rationality wherein efficient administration of formal rules and procedures takes place. This rationality usually occurs in almost all aspects replacing the traditional methods of social organization. Weber’s study on bureaucracy is based on ideal-type analysis and to develop this, Weber noted and has set ideal-type characteristics of bureaucratic organizations. These ideal characteristics include fixed division of labor, hierarchy of authority, creation of rules and regulations, selection based on qualifications and impersonality on personnel matters. Although not all organization acquire these characteristics, and does not fit exactly ideal type of bureaucracy, these would serve as criteria on an ideal bureaucracy present in the organization. Tigbao Primary Multi-Purpose Cooperative Inc. (TPMPCI) Tigbao, Libagon, Southern Leyte Ideal Characteristics of Bureaucracy Fixed division of labor. This refers to how the various tasks of a certain organization are divided up and being performed. The Tigbao Primary Multi-Purpose Cooperative Inc. does not possess this characteristic since their business focuses only on merchandising or trading goods and offer loan ervices to customers. In their trading business, as long as an employee knows the job and has a good educational background, she/he is qualified for the position held. Their work is not that too hard and does not require too much skills and specialization that’s why each employee can work in behalf of the other, if due to some cases such as absent, as long as he/she is very well-oriented. Also, in their loaning service, they hire employees based on his ability to handle the work and being able to know the work. Thus, the cooperative does not necessarily hire specialized experts and division of labor does not take place within the organization. Hierarchy of authority or chain of command. The hierarchy of authority in an organization is designed to benefit the company and the employees. The company grows with the strength of a competent managerial staff, and employees look to management to provide career development. A hierarchy is also a method of maintaining managerial integrity. When someone becomes a manager, she must prove to be competent, or else she will experience employee turnover. The hierarchy of authority in an organization is important to the sustained success of the company. The principles of office hierarchy and of levels of grade authority is present in the organization wherein their president or high ranking officer control and supervise the lower office or the lower levels in the organization. This clearly shows that the organization follow a chain of command which is very essential to the productivity and efficiency in the sense that lower levels also maintain the right to appeal the decisions made by the higher office. Thus, formal hierarchy would contribute to its centralization of the decisions made. Explicit Rules and Regulations. Rules and regulations are essential to one organization since it will be an aid in promoting workers efficiency. The Tigbao Primary Multi-Purpose Cooperative Inc. has certain rules employed by the organization to govern performance of workers. One of these is a standard rule in their organization that they should be on-time and avoid tardiness but these rules was not that clearly followed since the organizations’ wages and salaries are based on percentage yield. In their trading business, if the organization has no client or customers who will purchase their goods, they also have no salary. That is why employees should work hard as early as 07:00 in the morning so that they can also have a great percentage. Meanwhile in their loaning service, employees tend to follow the first come first serve basis so that there is an equal treatment among the clients. The written rules provided by the organization determine the performance of workers thus, absent of these rules in their organization would lead to inefficiency of the workers. Qualification-Based Employment. Selection, recruitment and hiring in the organization rely on specific qualification such as educational background and personality of the applicants. Their organization discourages favoritism and family connections such as â€Å"backers† since it is not an acceptable criterion for employment. Their organizations employment is largely based on technical qualifications, but not necessarily on the field of expertise but as long as he/she have the knowledge about the job. Impersonality on Personnel Matters. This means that workers should work based on their official status not on personal feelings thus there should be a detached approach on this. Officials in the said organization separate their personal feelings among clients or co-workers. This idea also means that they treated all employees equally and customers equally. They interact according to their official status. Through this impersonality, workers can work effectively without caring for their individual safety. Thus, it enables workers to be more productive in their work. Shortcomings or Problems: Inefficiency and Rigidity. Policies and procedures in the said organization contributed to inefficiency and rigidity in the sense that they follow the step-by-step procedures rather than getting the job done correctly by means of providing solutions to problems. Example of this, in their loans service, is when there were urgent transactions, they tend to follow the correct procedures in having a negotiation with their clients instead of considering their situation. But in some cases when they tend to loan in the service and withdraw money, and if they have their valid reasons, they consider their reasons. One thing employees consider in their organization is that they ear that if they were not able to follow the norms and violated the norms of impersonality, they can be accused to favoritism or â€Å"bias† thus, making if inefficient one since it takes a lot of time in following such procedures. Also, on the part of their trading business, employees were told not to let clients to have a credit during t he end of the month or if they have an inventory, that’s why most clients were mad since some tend to consider others. This leads to inefficiency since there is unequal treatment present thus making it ineffective in catering the needs of customers. Resistant to change. This refers to the action taken by individuals and groups when they perceive that a change that is occurring as a threat to them. In their organization, unfortunately, they do not have new technologies which they can utilize for the betterment of their organization and improve its productivity. But if they acquire new technologies such as computer for their paper works, they will utilize it and willing to adapt to changes. Since they had considered that through the new technologies, their transactions will be more accurate and their work is more convenient and fast also can make workers boost their competence on their work. This problem regarding bureaucracy on their organization is not that a great barrier on their part to promote efficiency on their work since when they select and in hiring process of employees, they based it on the employees’ computer literacy thus enables them to productive. Perpetuation of Race, Class and Gender Inequalities. The problem regarding treatment of employees unequally in their organization does not occur since they have equally treated their employees. Racial class inequality does not occur in their organization since employees have the same races and if they have this racial class inequality, this is not imperative in the organization. Regarding social class, middle class employees and working class employee have an equal chance to be promoted. They consider the performance since it would contribute to the success of their organization, Also the gender is not the basis in employment. If you have the qualification, whether you are a male or female applicant, you have the chance to be employed in their organization. Solutions: To solve these arising problems on their organization, first, they should set specific policy which are clear and understood by workers to promote productivity and profitability of the organization and competence among employees. Since their major problem on their organization revolves around the improper implementation of the rules and regulation, they should also set alternatives on how to solve this such as stated earlier. Management by rules should be applied by the organization wherein it follows consistent set of rules to control decisions and thus executed effectively by the lower levels of the organization. Second, if employees acquire the characteristics of being resistant to changes, they have to have orientation about the new technologies used by the organization that would contribute to employees knowledgeable skills being applied in the organization. Through orientation and training, they will learn how to operate the computers, if they have. Being resistant to change plays a big role in the organization since it will boost individual’s incompetence of his/her work thus they should employ the â€Å"adaptive to changes†. Third, with concerns about division of labor, they should hire specialized experts to have a fixed division of labor present in their organization. Work is to be done obviously by specialists and people should be organized into units based on the type of work they do or skills they have. This is an essential tool in organizations so that works will be delegated among them and being expert in the field one is into is also vital in attaining the goals and objectives of the organization. Lastly, personnel should be hired based on technical competence. The appointment to a position within the organization should be made on the grounds of technical competence. Work should be assigned based on the experience and competence of the individual. Conclusion: Tigbao Primary Multi-Purpose Cooperative Inc. has these several characteristics of bureaucracy namely hierarchy of authority, wherein the order in which authority and power in an organization is wielded and delegated from top management to every employee at every level of the rganization; explicit rules and regulations, wherein rules are designed to control the conduct of those to whom it applies and regulations too are official rules, and have to be followed; qualification based employment, wherein the basis of acquiring employees is largely based on specific qualifications, and impersonality, wherein there is a degree of separation of personal status and feelings except for the fixed division of labor thus, this organi zation has applied the ideal type of bureaucracy. Although there were few problems present in their organization, but it is not that an impediment towards organizations efficiency on attaining their goals. Through these characteristics present in their organization, these would contribute a lot to their success and effectively catering the needs of the consumers. Therefore, bureaucracy can be seen as a way to make their organization more productive and efficient. And to sum up all, an ideal-type of bureaucracy do possess these characteristics.

Writing Your Personal Statement

What Is the personal statement? The personal statement is your chance to demonstrate what an excellent candidate y o are for your chosen course/ s. The statement cannot be more than 4000 characters including spaces or 47 lines. AAAS use sophisticated anti plagiarism software, so make sure your statement is all your own work, under no circumstances should you be tempted to Inc elude catapulted material from any source! How should I structure my personal statement?The recommended structure is as follows: paragraph 1 – explain why you are passionate about your subject and why you are such a good candidate for the course paragraph 2 – demonstrate what skills you have already developed from your A level studies and wider experiences paragraph 3 – demonstrate what personal qualities you have, and how much of a contribution to university life you can make The best statements will also start with strong opening and closing sentences, but war et the main 3 sections first before you start to worry about these.Guidelines for each section Paragraph 1 – academic interest This should be the largest section of your statement (at least 50%) The key points for this section are to: show real passion and enthusiasm for your chosen subject show that you have academic curiosity This Is best achieved by Including examples of your wider reading and/ or talks you have attended and/ or other activities you have taken part in outside of your A level lessons. It is

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