The Complete Guide on How to Write a Public Relations Research Paper

The Complete Guide on How to Write a Public Relations Research Paper It is no doubt that every student needs to make significant efforts to write a proper paper worthy of A/A+. Nevertheless, either a perfect research paper or short article requires sophisticated research and work with credible sources. What is more, a student should be able to employ the necessary literary devices and stylistics to intersperse the paper but not so sophisticated that it may seem that Charles Dickens wrote it. Frankly speaking, a flawless paper requires regular practice until one develops all the effective methods of writing. Asking, â€Å"Where to find all this useful information on academic writing?† Look! You can read a lot of ‘great’ books, manuals or, alternatively, you can just read this complete public relations research paper writing guide to the end and write a good research paper on Public Relations. As a result, you will deal with different stages of good writing that are directly applicable to the public relations field. What to Write About in My Public Relations Research Paper? Before writing a research paper itself, it is important to understand the meaning of Public Relations. While writing such a type of work, it is better to define the central terms for the field, its current methods, strategies, and practices. As public relations is the essential element of the marketing strategy of any modern institution and company, you should know how to determine its role for the business realm. As a research paper writer, you may provide a new perspective to the audience while investigating the current state of affairs in Public Relations. Moreover, you can examine a certain product or service in the paper by discussing its advantages and disadvantages. It is significant to discuss the communication strategies since they are the inevitable part of each public relations policy. Thus, you should demonstrate strong interest and knowledge in the character and performance of public relations by including relevant citations, statistics, analysis, and comparison. It is crucial not to confuse a research paper with an essay or term paper on the same topic. To be more specific, while a writer usually expresses his/her point of view in an essay, a research paper should focus more on the information provided by the other authors. Another distinct feature is the length of the work since an essay should have around 5 pages, a research paper is written at least on 8 pages or more. It is not so important to understand the subject deeply to write an essay; however, while doing research, you’d better possess the profound knowledge of the discipline. In your case, it is Public Relations. So your research paper can include the methods to compare and contrast or analytical and argumentative tones. In contrast, while writing an essay, you stick to the academic style mixed with the philosophical or narrative tones. The mentioned styles are not the only possible, although, they are the most common among the essay writers. Also, a research paper can in troduce the literature review as the current opinions about the investigated topic. Therefore, a research paper is more sophisticated and complex type of academic paper since it requires the skillful evaluation of the information and its detailed presentation. The work must be structured and filled with the opinions of competent critics, as well as supported by the strong researcher’s arguments. Choose a Good Topic for Your Research Paper on Public Relations Once you determine the type of writing you need to work on, it is significant to choose the topic. It is more important to do it properly. As an alternative, you can ask for the advice of your instructor â€Å"What is the best topic for my research paper on Public Relations?† In this case, you should have the list of possible topics in hand. Otherwise, there is an impression that you have no idea what public relations are. So it is more interesting to choose the topic that is the most appealing to you as a researcher. Brainstorm the ideas and define the keywords of the field in question. To be honest, a mind map is always a useful idea since it helps to visualize both the central idea and surrounding blocks. Also, the potential findings can be discovered by such a method. After that, it is crucial to make sure that proper information is available in libraries or on the Internet. Then, it is useful to formulate a strong thesis statement to elaborate a research paper on it. Don’t neglect the outline creation. Your research paper outline is based on several reflective questions. You can find it complicated to write a proper outline without details. So, specify the goal of your paper, the target audience, and the potential areas of controversy. Public Relations is a broad and sophisticated discipline to research, so the tutor’s assistance may be needed. Furthermore, in the sphere of public relations, the body of knowledge is constantly growing. Indeed, a suitable topic may concern some innovative issues since recent technologies are of the utmost importance for this discipline. What is more, the information about innovations can transform the research paper into the valuable source of a novelty for further investigation. The sphere of public relations is closely linked to the real-life environment. So despite being a rather challenging task, writing a research paper seems to contribute to the practical experience of future specialists. The public relations field is regarded as one of the most complicated areas to research for some reasons. The ambiguousness of the terms makes it difficult for the researchers to agree on the interpretation. Nonetheless, public relations usually stands for the contributing relations between the institutions, organizations, companies, and their audiences. The scope of public relations is rather far-reaching, which, in turn, makes a topic application process easier. Public relations are closely associated with the public so that it can be applied to a broad variety of industries, from private to governmental institutions. Hence, there is a vast range of topics suitable for the research paper on Public Relations. Remember that it is not enough to focus merely on the definitions since public relations is a much wider discipline. For instance, you can study different functions and branches of modern public relations, and compare them with previous tendencies; thus, conducting a historical analysis. There are the most interesting topics to choose from: The Role of Corporate Social Responsibility in Public Relations. The matter is that CRS is crucial for the development of public organizations so that it would be useful to understand its role and functions; The Role of Public Relations in Crisis Management. Public relations specialists’ efforts are often aimed at supporting a company when any problem occurs a financial crisis or any other issue. The Impact of Media on Public Relations. Apparently, social media has played an essential role in public relations, and this topic is rather broad as it includes the primary research of media tendencies; The Evaluation of Public Relations Management in Technology. Technological issues correlate to modern communication, and it would be beneficial to rate its role in public relations; The Evolution of Public Relations Discipline. Public relations as a discipline isn’t a recent invention. There are a lot of points worthy of evaluation; The Importance of Internal Communication for Public Relations. The internal communication functions in the shifted environment. Therefore, public relations are changing with the times as well. Last, but not least, you can write a research paper on a definition of public relations. As a rule, different terms are generated in such a way as to discuss them from various perspectives. Conduct your own research on the interpretation of all the available information. On the other side, it is useful to mention the variants of non-deliberate topic choices, like: A Case Study of Public Relations Management; Public Relations and Inbound Marketing. The fact is that these options do not reveal the essence of future work and need an improvement. When talking about the topic related to governmental practice, it must be said that the variety of sectors are beneficial in this regard. To be more accurate, every company needs an effective communication strategy to address large audiences. The public relations management is a proper tool to improve the image and reputation of the organization. For this aim, companies can employ different media tools, commonly used in modern social media. Also, the rapid technological revolution influences the development of public relations that makes it even more interesting to choose the topic. How to Write My Public Relations Research Paper Structurally? Our Experts Give Extensive Answers While writing the research paper in Public Relations, it would be useful to rely not only on the academic or peer-reviewed works but also examples of one’s personal experience in this sphere. Therefore, you should include interviews or surveys of specialists or groups of specialists to make research more vivid and multifaceted. Regarding the sphere of public relations, the primary research based on the human subject will be up-to-date since the relationship between people is the touchstone of public relations. As you know what topic to research in your paper, it is important to think over the structure of the research paper. Remember that the title is one of the essential parts of each paper. That is why it has to be distinctive and even thought-provoking. Imagine that you are offered to choose from a variety of academic papers on the same subject what work would you choose without flipping through it? The paper with the noticeable title will win â€Å"the battle.† A title is used to introduce the topic of research to the audience so that people may already grasp the central idea of paper writing. Next, you should include the abstract that may be defined as the summary of the paper. An abstract is considered a standard requirement for research papers, and that is the major difference between the research paper and the other types of writing, such as essays or reviews. In the introduction, you should answer simple questions: Why did I choose to write about this topic? What was of the most interest to me? What would I like to share with my audience? The introduction always lays the foundation for further content, or background of the research paper. Also, the paper of such type usually includes the methods of research. This section is devoted to how the writer did the study. In this regard, you should explain the central setting, study design, and sampling strategy of the research process. Here, one can also include the study variables or the procedures of data collection. Also, a writer should outline the methods of the research analysis. Next, as the author of good research papers should make the report of the collected data and key findings. Remember the central problem of the research paper and make sure that the results correspond to the thesis statement. A discussion is an unavoidable part of the previous unit. It gives the writer an opportunity to present the final results. The main findings of the research should be discussed in relation to the previous research in order not to lose or confuse the central point. If you are interested in the potential development and study of the particular topic, it is important to include the passage about practical implementations of the findings. Also, you should evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of the research; namely, discover its limitations. The conclusion is an integral part of each research paper, and it is important not to restate the data that has been mentioned previously. Nevertheless, it can include personal references or prospects for further work. If someone provides you with profound research for your topic, it is a proper way to include them into the references list. As the researchers contribute to your work significantly, they deserve to earn authorship. To proceed to the closing stage of the paper, you must include references from which you take some in-text citations completed properly. References should consist of any materials that are used in the research paper. It is advantageous to include some hints on writing the strong research paper. If a person writes about the subject of his/her passion, it is more likely that they will succeed. So choose what you like in public relations. A researcher should find the connection between the educational and career goals, merely not to waste time on writing. Effective research proves to be useful if it can be employed in professional practice, or at least if it contributes to the experience. What is more, a strong thesis statement is a formula for success. A thesis can be regarded as the writer’s state of intent since it is the demonstration of his/her expectations and aims in the research. To write a powerful thesis, a writer should think over the unlikely connections, controversies or misconceptions within the chosen topic. Another useful way would be to re-frame the classic terms in the context of current technology or innovation trends. Obviously, consultation with professionals is vital for writing the perfect research paper. Unfortunately, the even broad personal experience is not enough in this regard. Nowadays, the Internet offers a variety of sources to choose from so they are of general access to all writers. The Internet can be the leading voice in one’s field of writing regardless of the academic position. The list of useful sources on the primary level can compound: Johnston, Jane. Media Relations: Issues and Strategies. Allen Unwin, 2013. Swann, Patricia. Cases in Public Relations Management: the Rise of Social Media and Activism. Routledge, 2018. Heaney, Katie, and Arianna Rebolini. Public Relations. Grand Central Publishing, 2017. Heath, Robert Lawrence. Encyclopedia of Public Relations. Sage, 2013. As it has been mentioned above, the interaction with the other people is encouraged while conducting research. You can find interesting personalities who can help to better understand the aim and tasks of the project. Thus, those mentors can answer the emerged questions and add significant value and novelty to the research paper. Furthermore, you can make effective connections in a professional sphere by such means. To sum up, you’re equipped with strong public relations research paper tips on how to write a research paper on Public Relations. Learn to be a step ahead!

The Seven Seas From Ancient Times to the Modern Era

The Seven Seas From Ancient Times to the Modern Era While a sea is generally defined as a large lake that contains saltwater, or a specific portion of an ocean, the idiom Sail the seven seas, is not so easily defined. Sail the seven seas is a phrase that is said to have been used by sailors, but does it actually refer to a specific set of seas? Many would argue yes, while others would disagree. There has been much debate as to whether or not this is in reference to seven actual seas and if so, which ones? Seven Seas as a Figure of Speech? Many believe that the seven seas is simply an idiom that refers to sailing many or all of the oceans of the world. The term is believed to have been popularized by Rudyard Kipling who published an anthology of poetry titled The Seven Seas in 1896. The phrase can now be found in popular songs such as, Sailing on the Seven Seas by Orchestral ​Manoevres in the Dark, Meet Me Halfway by Black Eyed Peas, Seven Seas by Mob Rules, and Sail over the Seven Seas by Gina T. Significance of the Number Seven Why seven seas? Historically, culturally, and religiously, the number seven is a very significant number. Isaac Newton identified seven colors of the rainbow, there are Seven Wonders of the ancient world, seven days of the week, seven dwarves in the fairy tale Snow White and the Seven Dwarves, the seven-day story of creation, the seven branches on a Menorah, seven Chakras of meditation, and seven heavens in Islamic traditions just to name a few instances. The number seven appears again and again throughout history and stories, and because of this, there is much mythology surrounding its importance. The Seven Seas in Ancient and Medieval Europe This list of the seven seas is believed by many to be the original seven seas as defined by the sailors of ancient and Medieval Europe. The majority of these seven seas are located around the Mediterranean Sea, very close to home for these sailors. 1) The Mediterranean Sea - This sea is attached to the Atlantic Ocean and many early civilizations developed around it, including Egypt, Greece, and Rome and it has been called the cradle of civilization because of this. 2) The Adriatic Sea - This sea separates the Italian peninsula from the Balkan peninsula. It is part of the Mediterranean Sea. 3) The Black Sea - This sea is an inland sea between Europe and Asia. It is also connected to the Mediterranean Sea. 4) The Red Sea - This sea is a narrow strip of water extending south from Northeast Egypt and it connects to the Gulf of Aden and the Arabian Sea. It is connected today to the Mediterranean Sea via the Suez Canal and is one of the most heavily-traveled waterways in the world. 5) The Arabian Sea - This sea is the Northwestern part of the Indian Ocean between India and the Arabian Peninsula (Saudi Arabia). Historically, it was a very important trade route between India and the West and remains such today. 6) The Persian Gulf - This sea is a part of the Indian Ocean, located between Iran and the Arabian Peninsula. There has been dispute as to what its actual name is so it is also sometimes known as the Arabian Gulf, The Gulf, or The Gulf of Iran, but none of those names are recognized internationally. 7) The Caspian Sea - This sea is located on the Western edge of Asia and the Eastern edge of Europe. It is actually the largest lake on the planet. It is called a sea because it contains saltwater. The Seven Seas Today Today, the list of Seven Seas that is most widely accepted is inclusive of all of the bodies of water on the planet, which are all part of the one global ocean. Each is technically an ocean or section of ocean by definition, but most geographers accept this list to be the actual Seven Seas: 1) North Atlantic Ocean2) South Atlantic Ocean3) North Pacific Ocean4) South Pacific Ocean5) Arctic Ocean6) Southern Ocean7) Indian Ocean

The mechanical testing of a silk fibrion (SF) scaffold seeded with Essay

The mechanical testing of a silk fibrion (SF) scaffold seeded with MSCs in Colon Engineering - Essay Example TEC was spawned by the rats 100% with no regard to source of tissue, the initial occurrence of adult cells of engineered intestine or an engineered tissue. Architecture of TEC is same as acetyl cholinesterase, inherent actin staining on muscularis propria staining for actin identified in deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate-digoxigenin nick end labeling assay similar to native colon, lamina propria of a linear distribution, ganglion cells, S100-positive cells, and a terminal (Fonkalsrud 1999). By the use of cavity information specified in function of vitro dependable with advanced colonocytes, and an optimistic response of short circuit current to theophylline demonstrating integral transfer of ion. TEM exhibited regular architecture of micro part (Dayton 2000). Architecture of colon was retained in anastomosis with uncultured uptake of fluid visualization. The rats survived embedding and 100% of all them spawned TEC. Almost 60,000 OU was obtained from every pup colon of rat. This is an adjustable quantity as the surface area of tissue in every case may differ. For the reason that adult colons were very large, every rat colon of adult rat gave a result of a specimen of 800,000 (Meagher, 1998). These were inclusive of the ones spawning subordinate TEC and the ones embedded with adult tissue TEC. The TEC average size was 4cm by 5cm by 4 cm. There was absolutely no measure of TEC going below 3cm by 3cm by 2 cm, and the prevalent one was 6cm by 8cm by 7.5 cm. This is shown below TEC was paramount visible as a minor cyst with a lumen that was mucus-filled lumen the second week onwards (Shepherd 1990). Prior to that, there was no visible lumen recognized. Sequential growth took place the weeks after the second week. 9. Grikscheit TC, Ochoa ER, Ramsanahie A, et al 2001. Tissue engineered colon, characterization and comparison to native colon. Owen Wangensteen Surgical Forum Abstracts of the American College of Surgeons

Business Research Methods 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Business Research Methods 2 - Essay Example Like any other business, it is crucial for American Express Travel Agency to find out two things: 1) whether or not the customers are satisfied with the services, and 2) the nature and/or level of the dissatisfaction. Business research brings up a number of challenges for managers in a global economy. Research is a process through which information is turned into knowledge. This knowledge is vital because it is essential to the decision-making process. The amount of information available to managers to make decisions has exploded in the recent years. Business research is made up of a number of inter-dependant components. The core of the business involves serving the consumers through participating in a value-addition process with give-and-take as its essence. Therefore, business research is a function that is concerned with gathering, analysing, interpreting and reporting information so that the corporate decision makers can perform their tasks more effectively. The scope of the busi ness research is far-reaching, and the areas of phenomena that the researchers study are increasing quickly (Hair, Celsi, Samouel, Page, 2011). The main purpose of the market research is to identify the needs and wants of the customers, find out how these needs and wants can be met, and how we can distinguish ourselves from the competition (Authenticity Consulting, 2011). Often, it is seen that corporations want to know everything about their programs, services and products. The research plan that is adopted often depends on the information that needs to be collected in order to make vital decisions about the product portfolio. The more focused a company is on what it wishes to find out through the market research process, the better the results are. Also, the time taken to collect the relevant information will be shorter, as the time taken to collect irrelevant information is eliminated. There is an opportunity cost regarding the breadth and depth of the information that one wants to collect. Generally, it is seen that the more breadth the information has, the less depth one will get. On the other hand, if a company wants to research on a specific aspect of a product or service, vital information about the other aspects might be lost in the process (Authenticity Consulting, 2011). The two types of marketing research available to any business include primary research and secondary research. Secondary research focuses on gathering information or data that is already available, mostly by studies performed previously by government agencies etc. This kind of information is already available in the libraries as well as on the Web. There are a number of advantages and disadvantages of using secondary research. It might not always be relevant as it was collected for another purpose. Moreover, it might be out-dated or inaccurate if it is very old or wasn’t collected by a relevant source. However, on the upside it is not as expensive as the primary research and it provides guidelines for a customized primary research to be carried out later. Hence, it is a basis for the design of primary research. Secondary research is essential for travelling agencies such as American Express travelling agency because it can provide them with the necessary statistics that are essential for decision-making. The statistics could include the number of people who go on a holiday, their preferred destination, as well as the amount they are

The Psychological World of the Artist Essay Example for Free

The Psychological World of the Artist Essay â€Å"Analyse the psychological world of the artist in relation to their artwork.† An artist’s psychological world can have a significant impact on their artwork, as is the case with many of the artworks done by artists such as Artemisia Gentileschi, Frida Kahlo and Andy Warhol. Artemisia Gentileschi’s psychological world was greatly affected by her experiences as a female living in the seventeenth century where she would have faced discrimination and sexual harassment because of her gender, in particular the incident in which she was raped by her drawing teacher, Agostino Tassi, which was made considerably more traumatic by the fact that it was she, the victim, who was made to undergo torture to see if her story remained the same. Many of her artworks are depictions of scenes from the Bible or mythology, a common theme for artists of that time. However, Gentileschi’s depictions of these scenes are slightly different to those of her male counterparts as she does not depict the women as passive ‘objects.’ This can be seen in the artwork ‘Judith beheading Holofernes’ which features a Judith who is sawing at Holofernes’ head quite savagely and is not meant to be conventionally attractive. This painting of a strong, brave woman triumphing over a man rather than the other way around, as was the norm for that time could be interpreted as what Gentileschi wished would happen to Tassi after he raped her, and it contrasts with depictions of this scene by male artists like Caravaggio, who depicts his Judith as being pretty and delicate-looking, with a horrified expression as she watches the blood spurt from Holofernes’ neck, as well as a blouse that was semi-transparent, showing a more traditional depiction of a woman whose main purpose in the artwork is to be gazed upon by men. Gentileschi’s psychological world is likely to have contained frustration at the objectification of women of her time, and her desire The psychological world of Frida Kahlo that is represented in her artwork was influenced by a bus accident she was in when she was young in which she sustained serious lifelong injuries, and many of the events that occurred later in her life, such as her tumultuous marriage to the unfaithful painter Diego Rivera, and her miscarriage. In many of her artworks, she depicts herself as scarred, or bleeding, symbolising both her physical and psychological pain. In her painting ‘Henry Ford Hospital’, Kahlo paints herself naked and bleeding on a bed, emphasising her psychological state after her miscarriage- she would have been feeling vulnerable and in a lot of pain, both emotionally and physically. Her artworks can be seen as a search for her identity, in the context of her culture, religion and life experiences, as many of them are self-portraits that feature her dressed in traditional Mexican clothes with colourful ribbons in her hair, and a lot of symbolism. An example of this is her artwork ‘Self portrait with thorn necklace and hummingbird’, where she again depicts herself as bleeding because of the necklace of thorns she is wearing, which could be seen as a Catholic symbol reminiscent of Christ’s crown of thorns as she came from a Catholic family, or maybe a reference to Aztec religious rituals involving self-mortification with thorns. She also has a monkey on one shoulder (a recurring symbol in eight of her self-portraits) which appears to be a pet or comforting presence because it is playing with the necklace. The black cat on her other shoulder is a more ominous, threatening presence as it looks as though it is about to pounce and its eyes are a cold, uninviting grey. The juxtaposition of colour, and playful images with symbols of doom or death, and a bleeding body is a common theme in many of Kahlo’s works and has been interpreted as Surrealism; however Kahlo denied this, saying â€Å"I paint my own reality.† Andy Warhol’s childhood played an important part in the formation of his psychological world and personality that led to him becoming a central figure in the Pop Art movement that took place in America in the 1960s. As a child, Warhol was diagnosed with St Vitus’ dance, which caused him to spend a lot of time bed-ridden with nothing to do but draw, listen to the radio and collect pictures of celebrities from magazines to stick around his bed. This constant exposure to popular culture would have been extremely influential in the development of Warhol’s later work, in which he depicted easily recognisable images in American culture, including celebrities like Marilyn Monroe and Elvis Presley, and everyday items like Campbell’s soup. In his artwork ‘100 Campbell’s Soup Cans’, he explores the idea of mass production that was becoming such an important part of American culture, but says that he chose Campbell’s soup because that was what he had for lunch for most of his life. Warhol’s psychological world which was influenced by his childhood was depicted quite literally in his artworks- images of celebrities and mass-produced products like Campbell’s soup played a larger-than-normal role in his childhood in particular. Warhol clearly had a great deal and admiration and affection for these things, even going so far as to say â€Å"I want to be plastic.† Though all of these artworks were done in styles that were gaining popularity in the time that the artist was working, it was the artist’s psychological world that ultimately motivated them to create most of their artworks.

Bottled Water Quality vs Municipal Drinking Water Quality Essay

"If we paid as much for tap water as we do for bottled water, most people would have a monthly water bill of over $9,000." - -Andrew C. Revkin - The New York Times It is very common for research groups to set up a "bottled water taste test". The results are always the same: without a label, there is no obvious difference among any kind of bottled water or even tap water. Yet millions of Americans routinely buy bottled water and re-filter their tap water. The Clean Water Act of 1972 was supposed to ensure all water sources were pure and safe for drinking or swimming. Enforcement simply did not go far enough, and public information on contaminants grew much faster than purification programs did. A series of laws followed the 1972 Act in an attempt to stem the general aversion to tap water, including the 1974 and 1996 Safe Drinking Water Acts (SDWA). These laws are a step in the right direction, but bottled water still maintains an advantage founded not in superior quality but in more effective marketing. Years ago, the concept of selling water was laughable. Why would anyone pay for something they can get for free almost anywhere? Plumbing and free drinking water fountains are as old as Western Civilization. Selling water to a man with a faucet, or even a well, resembles the clichà © of selling ice to an Eskimo. Consumers were intelligent enough to recognze that "evian," the name of the pioneering French drinking water bottler, was simply "naà ¯ve" spelled backwards. Yet by 1988 evian sold over 1 billion liters of water, all still bottled at the source in Evian-les-Bains, France(1). Competitors and entrepreneurs sensed a change in consumer tastes. In 1987 Suntory Ltd of Japan established Suntory Water Group in the US. It quick... ..., http://www.epa.gov:9966/envirodcd/owa/sdw_report.first_table?report_id= 639191&pwsid=CA3010092&state=CA&source=Ground%20water%20&population= 150000 EPA, http://www.epa.gov/owow/cwa/history.htm United States Code, Title 42, Chapter 6A, Subchapter XII, Part B, Section 300g-3, a-1-B, as listed at http://www4.law.cornell.edu/uscode/ Great Waters of France, http://www.perrier.com/history.html Great Waters of France, http://www.perrier.com evian, http://www.evian.com/ Suntory Water Group, http://www.water.com/polar/ Suntory Water Group, http://www.kidzwater.com/ EPA, http://www.epa.gov/OGWDW/wot/howwill.html "Bottled Water is Cause for Concern, Environmental Advocates Claim" by Penny Stern, MD, for Reuters, reprinted at http://www.gue.com/news/1999-04A.html EPA, http://www.epa.gov/safewater/dwsrf.html EPA, http://www.epa.gov/safewater/dwh/who.html

BOEING’s Strengths Analysis Essay

Strengths Implications 1. Highly Skilled Managers The operation of the company will run smoothly. The performance of the company will improve and would lead the company to be successful. 2. Provide global customer support It would serve the customers better and it would be very convenient to those customers in other countries to ask for help. This would help the company to gain a better image due to the provided services to help the customers. 3. Outsourcing It can save time for the company to manufacture or assembly its products. 4. Emphasizing the product quality The durability of the company could last long. It gives the company to have a durability image to the customers. Customers would likely be satisfied and the company could gain some customer loyalty. 5. Recognized market leader Customers would likely choose them first as their priority. 6. Strong brand name Customers would easily associate the product. The brand name is instilled in the mind of the customers. Then, customers would think that the product is of good quality and the product would be their major choice when purchasing. The company would be able to generate higher sales for having strong brand name. It also has more advantage than the competitors in many areas. 7. Joint ventures/ Alliances with other aircraft companies It would help the company lessen its burden on producing other parts of aircraft. It aids on making the production of aircraft faster with the service of another companies. It would make the aircraft production for two aircraft companies sharing ideas for the betterment of the aircraft. 8. Many Features This will give higher probability that the customer would buy the product because of the extra features. This is absolutely an advantage for the company. If passengers are satisfied by this aircraft most probably that the airline would buy again from the same company of aircraft gaining customer loyalty. Weaknesses Implications 1. Layoff technical workers It will consume lots of time to hire new workers and will spend lot of money to train them if there is a need to do so. In fact, hiring or choosing the right candidates is a critical operation of the company. This might threaten other workers for being the next candidate to be laid off. And this would lead to lower productivity. Mostly, new workers are to be oriented and supervised so it will take time. 2. Mismanagement of parts or raw materials When the parts are needed, they are mostly not available for the production process. Thus, while in process, a halt might happen. So, it is not efficient at all. 3. Conservative Company The company could not improve well on its system. It could not adapt to the changes in the environment that leads to failures. It believes that its system will work well when in fact there might be other effective ways. It might lose some opportunities that come its way. 4. High Production Cost It might lead to higher cost of product to be able to earn revenue. And it is not consistent to the goal of the customers. It might also lead to lower demand and lesser income. 5. Every 12 years of generating or launching a new aircraft design Competitors might be the first to launch new aircraft that threatens the company. And they might surpass the ability of the company in terms of generating sales. When the time the company launches the new aircraft, most airlines have already purchased the aircraft of its competitors so it would not need to purchase again. Opportunities Implications 1. Transferring technological know how to new products or business The company has lesser difficulties in operating the new acquired business for they are using the same method from their own company. This means that growth occur in the country. 2. Extend reputation to new geographic area The Boeing company not only would want their domestic country know them but also to other geographic areas. As of now, airlines are more familiar with Boeing than its competitors. 3. Acquisition of rival aircraft company It means that there would be fewer competitors. It would also strengthen the system of the company. Because of involvement of more employees. These employees would contribute knowledge and expertise to help the company grow. New way of running the business may supplement in the development of the company. I’m one way or another; it serves its purpose of improvement. 4. Expanding the company’s product line to meet a broader range of customer needs The company may gain advantage on investing in a different product line. Facing new competitors would be a challenge on the part of the company. There might be opportunities waiting for the company. It is also an additional income for the company if it becomes successful. And to meet the needs of the customers by providing new products would lead to an aggressive and healthy competition. It also helps build the economy of the country if there is new development in companies. And it also leads to high employment because there’s a need to hire more employees to implement the new business activities. Threats Implications 1. Competitor The competitor might out beat them and threat is higher for their market share. Lack of planning would have big impact to the company. They should anticipate for the rivalry between them. Timing and being competitive is important. If they are not met, this would incur loss in the  company. 2. Trade Barriers They may encounter difficulties in the regulation regarding aircraft imposed by the country to which they import their products to. They may also need documents before releasing or create an aircraft. 3. Deregulation of Airlines The regulation of the company for its customers would compromise in order to gain favor of the customers. This may affect the standard operation of the company and may also result to disorganized process of company operation. 4. Terrorist Attack The horrible incident of 9/11 may also be a cause of not buying another aircraft. People of that country would not want to travel because they are threat by the terrorist attack. It would results to decrease the people who are traveling and lead the airline customers freeze to buy aircraft, since the people who travel has been reduced. 5. Supply and demand for the aircraft The more people that are not traveling, the more chances that the airline industry won’t buy new airplanes. This may results to low demand.

Cost and Southwestern University Essay

Southwestern University (SWU), located 30 miles southwest of the Dallas/Fort Worth metroplex, has witnessed tremendous growth in its football program (see Southwestern University: A, in Chapter 4). With that growth, fueled by the hiring of legendary coach Bo Pitterno, has come more fame, the need for a bigger stadium, and more complaints about seating, parking, long lines, and concession stand prices (see Southwestern University: C, in Chapter 6). Southwestern University’s president, Dr. Joel Wisner, was not only concerned about the cost of expanding the existing stadium versus building a new stadium, but also about the ancillary activities. He wants to be sure that these various support activities generate revenue adequate to pay for themselves. Consequently, he wants the parking lots, game programs, and food service to all be handled as profit centers. At a recent meeting discussing the new stadium, Wisner told the stadium manager, Hank Maddux, to develop a break-even chart and related data for each of the centers. He instructed Maddux to have the food service area break-even report ready for the next meeting. After discussion with other facility managers and his subordinates, Maddux developed the table below. This table shows the expected percent of revenue by item, the suggested selling prices, and his estimate of variable costs. Item | Selling Price/Unit | Variable Cost/Unit | SalesUnits | Soft drink | $1.50 | $ .75 | 10000| Coffee | 2.00 | .50 | 5000 | Hot dogs | 2.00 | .80 | 2000| Hamburgers | 2.50 | 1.00 | 5000| Misc. snacks | 1.00 | .40 | 3000| Maddux’s fixed costs are interesting. He estimated that the prorated portion of the stadium cost would be: salaries for food services at $100,000 ($20,000 for each of the five home games); 2,400 square feet of stadium space at $2 per square foot per game; and six people in each of the six booths for 5 hours at $7 an hour. Maddux wants to be sure that he has a number of things for President Wisner: (1) break-even point in dollars for all food sales; (2) realistic sales estimates (for instance, he wants to know how many dollars each attendee is spending on each food item at his projected break-even if attendance grows to 70,000); (3) what sales per attendee would be if attendance remained about 27,000; and (4) what his unit sales would be at break-even, that is, what are his sales of soft drinks, coffee, hot dogs, and hamburgers. He felt this latter information would be helpful to understand how realistic the assumptions of his model are.

The Afghanistan Culture and how it is a Threat to the US Essay Example

The Afghanistan Culture and how it is a Threat to the US Essay Example The Afghanistan Culture and how it is a Threat to the US Essay The Afghanistan Culture and how it is a Threat to the US Essay The Afghanistan Culture and how it is a Threat to the US The culture in Afghanistan has been in existence for the past two thousand years, and its beginnings can be traced back to at least the Achaemenid Empire during the 500 BCE (Emadi, 2005). It is also known as the place of Afghans or the land of Afghans when translated in the official Pashto and Dari languages. The country is mainly rural and tribal with communities around Afghanistan having native languages. There may be a few differences, but their way of life is mainly similar (Emadi, 2005). The country is Islamic, and therefore Afghans practice Islam. They eat the same food, dress the same, their music is the same, they follow similar traditions, and they celebrate similar holidays (Emadi, 2005). The country lacks a spelt-out government which leaves the Taliban, Northern Alliance and the military commanders in charge of various parts of Afghanistan. It is characterized by warfare, and many Afghans are often at the mercy of the Taliban and the military commanders (Emadi, 2005). Being a war tone region means that the culture of Afghanistan may be built on violent cultural beliefs. Such a cultural practice is where the citizens are often subjected to cruel forms of punishment. Anyone viewed to have done wrong will be beaten, amputated or executed in public (Shorthose, 2003). The public executions will include beheading, shooting, and stoning. Such a practice will mean danger for the citizens of the United States once it finds its way into America. America believes in the rule of law and will view such punishments as inhuman. However, it does not mean that the nation is completely safe from the practice. Immigration grants Afghans an opportunity to live in America and they will carry their culture with them. Some will be engrossed in the form of punishment that takes place in Afghanistan especially those who enforce the punishment on others. Eventually, these individuals will engage in such cultural practices while in America and on American citizens thus enda ngering the lives of Americans. The Afghanistan culture does not empower its women and gives all the authority and power to men (Emadi, 2005). Men will take a more public role while the domestic space is left for women (Emadi, 2005). In such instances, education will not be considered as important for women. Therefore, such a case would mean that an Afghan man either in Afghanistan or anywhere else in the world will not support the empowerment of women (Jones, 2010). Such a man in the United States will not change his cultural belief just because the United States says so. He will stick to his cultural practice and prevent his wife and daughters from acquiring any form of empowerment and especially education. It will deny America the opportunity to develop an individual who will contribute positively to the development of the nation which means that the country moves a step back regarding development and advancement due to lack of education and empowerment for its women who are originally from Afghanistan. The state is also characterized by bomb attacks especially from the Islamic extremists present in Afghanistan (Jones, 2010). They attack innocent villagers killing children and children. In many instances, they will focus their effort on Afghans they feel are supporting other military operations from countries that bring aid including the United States (Jones, 2010). The practice often transits to the United States where individuals especially Afghanistan immigrants in the United States are used by extremists in their country to cause destruction in America. These people will often train as suicide bombers or bomb experts who will develop explosives and set them up in places that they can quickly blow up. America has experienced such an incident on the 11th of September 2001 were more than three thousand lives were lost (Jones, 2010). The country continues to get involved in the issues of Afghanistan, and therefore it increases its risk of an attack. The cultural practice mainly gear ed towards the Islamic religion may cause a bomb disaster in the United States which the country will need time to recover from. Afghanistan is an extremely religious and ethnic country (Entezar, 2008). The wide spread religion in the region is Islam, and their way of life is built around Islam. Their laws are developed around the Quran, and the judges will give a ruling according to what their religion says. There is no separation of civil laws and religious laws in the country. It is the reason why much religious police in Afghanistan remain omnipotent (Entezar, 2008). The different factions in Afghanistan will jail thousands of people without a fair trial (Entezar, 2008). A big part of the country is under the Taliban rule, and they have the drive to purify their society thus the group will emphasize the use of moral values (Entezar, 2008). The Taliban continues to wage war in the country, and they will punish people, mostly severely, according to the dictates of Islam (Entezar, 2008). In America, no one is ever above the civil law. Religion is at the disposal of every individual and people are free to asso ciate with whatever religious group they feel comfortable with. Islam is part of the religion that is present, but the nation is dominantly Christian. However, it does not mean that everyone who makes a mistake will be judged and sentenced according to the Christian dictates. Everyone answers to the civil law and any individual who commits a crime no matter how big gets a trail to prove his or her innocence. The prosecution opted for by the Taliban would mean disaster for America. Many people could be executed even without trial if such a cultural practice was to find its way into the United states. The rule of law would have no power, and people would be judged and sentenced on religious lines. For the longest time, the Taliban have worked against any foreign aid organization that tries to find its way into Afghanistan. The group wants Afghans to stay poor and unempowered for them to remain under their rule and control. Massoud the former northern alliance leader, who was assassinated had tried to empower the people of Afghanistan through democracy and education (Shorthose, 2003). Many people had moved from the areas controlled by the Taliban to the regions that were under the supervision of the leader because he offered them a better chance at life. There were reports of some Taliban officials and commanders defecting and joining Massoud. He was open to foreign aid and welcomed other religions including Christianity. All that he stood for went against the dictates of the Taliban, but it was the preferred rule by Afghans. It is clear that the Taliban rule in a way that is not favorable to the citizens of Afghanistan (Shorthose, 2003). They keep control of the people through inflicting fear. It is the reason why a big percentage of the country remains underdeveloped, and many of the citizens live in rural areas where they have little or no access to advancement. The Taliban wants them to remain unempowered. Such a cultural practice would be disastrous for the people of America (Shorthose, 2003). America is a nation that allows diversity and the opportunity for every individual to make himself or herself better. People have the chance to work for a better life, and the government and various groups will empower its citizens in all possible ways. The country will allow foreign aid where necessary and work with organizations that aim at helping its citizens (Shorthose, 2003). Therefore, the cultural p ractice in Afghanistan would limit the people of America to what the Taliban want. It would deny them of any aid and chance to live a better life. Such a way of life would cause an uproar in the country, and many will rise against it. It may even result in war between the people and the Taliban and the loss of thousands of lives. Military activity in Afghanistan never stops. The military commanders are often targeting and harassing innocent people, the Taliban, backed by Pakistan and the northern alliance will always be at war due to territorial issues and the way through which the three groups govern their regions in Afghanistan (Shorthose, 2003). No one will accept the other rule, and those who suffer are innocent civilians. There are instances where the Taliban will use military force to reassure the citizens of their control and to make sure that Afghans remain afraid of them and cow under their rule (Shorthose, 2003). It means that there is no instance when Afghanistan is every peaceful. The al-Qaeda is also competing for the opportunity to rule over the Islamic world, and in many cases, civilians will lose their lives, and the group fights against the Taliban. These groups will recruit the young and energetic Afghanistan men with the pretense of making them productive and giving them a better life (Shor those, 2003). These young people are trained to become extremists, and in most instances, they will be used in suicide bombs and attacks on targets that both the Taliban and al-Qaeda view to be threats to their power and stability (Shorthose, 2003). It means that Afghanistan never can develop and advance. The military and warfare environment makes it impossible. The country lacks young, energetic men who will work towards its development. America, on the other hand, is grounded on empowering its citizens to develop themselves thus developing the country. It is a peaceful country with much focus on economic and political empowerment. Therefore, the Afghanistan military environment would put the country on a downward spiral. It will present a threat to the economic and political development of America and the countrys position as a superpower in the world. No development would take place thus threatening the countrys place in the world. The Afghanistan culture is a unique way of life that is uniquely recognizable to Afghans. However, the extremist groups who have slowly taken over the nation and developed an undesirable culture within the country make the Afghanistan culture a threat to the United States. The culture would mean political instability, economic sabotage, technological underpinning and the lack of empowerment which acts as the pillars of the American people and their culture. References Emadi, H. (2005). Culture and customs of Afghanistan. Greenwood Publishing Group. Entezar, E. M. (2008). Afghanistan 101: understanding Afghan culture. Xlibris Corporation. Jones, S. G. (2010). It takes the villages: Bringing change from below in Afghanistan. Shorthose, J. (2003). Unlawful instruments and goods: Afghanistan, culture and the Taliban. Capital Class, 27(1), 9-16.

New Years Eve - Classic Essay by Charles Lamb

New Years Eve - Classic Essay by Charles Lamb An accountant in India House in London for more than 30 years and caregiver for his sister Mary (who, in a fit of mania, had stabbed their mother to death), Charles Lamb was one of the great masters of the English essay. The most intimate of the early-19th-century essayists, Lamb relied on stylistic artifice (whim-whams, as he referred to his antique diction and far-fetched comparisons) and a contrived persona known as Elia. As George L. Barnett has observed, Lambs egoism suggests more than Lambs person: it awakens in the reader reflections of kindred feelings and affections (Charles Lamb: The Evolution of Elia, 1964). In the essay New Years Eve, which first appeared in the January 1821 issue of The London Magazine, Lamb reflects wistfully on the passage of time. You may find it interesting to compare Lambs essay with three others in our collection: At the Turn of the Year, by Fiona Macleod (William Sharp)Last Year, by Horace SmithThe New Year, by George William CurtisJanuary in the Sussex Woods, by Richard Jefferies New Years Eve by Charles Lamb 1 Every man hath two birth-days: two days, at least, in every year, which set him upon revolving the lapse of time, as it affects his mortal duration. The one is that which in an especial manner he termeth his. In the gradual desuetude of old observances, this custom of solemnizing our proper birth-day hath nearly passed away, or is left to children, who reflect nothing at all about the matter, nor understand any thing in it beyond cake and orange. But the birth of a New Year is of an interest too wide to be pretermitted by king or cobbler. No one ever regarded the First of January with indifference. It is that from which all date their time, and count upon what is left. It is the nativity of our common Adam. 2 Of all sounds of all bells(bells, the music nighest bordering upon heaven)most solemn and touching is the peal which rings out the Old Year. I never hear it without a gathering-up of my mind to a concentration of all the images that have been diffused over the past twelvemonth; all I have done or suffered, performed or neglectedin that regretted time. I begin to know its worth, as when a person dies. It takes a personal colour; nor was it a poetical flight in a contemporary, when he exclaimed   I saw the skirts of the departing Year. It is no more than what in sober sadness every one of us seems to be conscious of, in that awful leave-taking. I am sure I felt it, and all felt it with me, last night; though some of my companions affected rather to manifest an exhilaration at the birth of the coming year, than any very tender regrets for the decease of its predecessor. But I am none of those who   Welcome the coming, speed the parting guest. I am naturally, beforehand, shy of novelties; new books, new faces, new years, from some mental twist which makes it difficult in me to face the prospective. I have almost ceased to hope; and am sanguine only in the prospects of other (former) years. I plunge into foregone visions and conclusions. I encounter pell-mell with past disappointments. I am armour-proof against old discouragements. I forgive, or overcome in fancy, old adversaries. I play over again for love, as the gamesters phrase it, games, for which I once paid so dear. I would scarce now have any of those untoward accidents and events of my life reversed. I would no more alter them than the incidents of some well-contrived novel. Methinks, it is better that I should have pined away seven of my goldenest years, when I was thrall to the fair hair, and fairer eyes, of Alice Wn, than that so passionate a love-adventure should be lost. It was better that our family should have missed that legacy, which old Dorrell cheated us of, than that I should have at this moment two thousand pounds in banco, and be without the idea of that specious old rogue. 3 In a degree beneath manhood, it is my infirmity to look back upon those early days. Do I advance a paradox, when I say, that, skipping over the intervention of forty years, a man may have leave to love himself, without the imputation of self-love? 4 If I know aught of myself, no one whose mind is introspectiveand mine is painfully socan have a less respect for his present identity, than I have for the man Elia. I know him to be light, and vain, and humorsome; a notorious ***; addicted to ****: averse from counsel, neither taking it, nor offering it;*** besides; a stammering buffoon; what you will; lay it on, and spare not; I subscribe to it all, and much more, than thou canst be willing to lay at his doorbut for the child Eliathat other me, there, in the back-groundI must take leave to cherish the remembrance of that young masterwith as little reference, I protest, to this stupid changeling of five-and-forty, as if it had been a child of some other house, and not of my parents. I can cry over its patient small-pox at five, and rougher medicaments. I can lay its poor fevered head upon the sick pillow at Christs, and wake with it in surprise at the gentle posture of maternal tenderness hanging over it, that unknown had watched i ts sleep. I know how it shrank from any the least colour of falsehood. God help thee, Elia, how art thou changed! Thou art sophisticated. I know how honest, how courageous (for a weakling) it washow religious, how imaginative, how hopeful! From what have I not fallen, if the child I remember was indeed myself, and not some dissembling guardian, presenting a false identity, to give the rule to my unpractised steps, and regulate the tone of my moral being! 5 That I am fond of indulging, beyond a hope of sympathy, in such retrospection, may be the symptom of some sickly idiosyncrasy. Or is it owing to another cause; simply, that being without wife or family, I have not learned to project myself enough out of myself; and having no offspring of my own to dally with, I turn back upon memory and adopt my own early idea, as my heir and favourite? If these speculations seem fantastical to thee, reader (a busy man, perchance), if I tread out of the way of thy sympathy, and am singularly-conceited only, I retire, impenetrable to ridicule, under the phantom cloud of Elia. 6The elders, with whom I was brought up, were of a character not likely to let slip the sacred observance of any old institution; and the ringing out of the Old Year was kept by them with circumstances of peculiar ceremony. In those days the sound of those midnight chimes, though it seemed to raise hilarity in all around me, never failed to bring a train of pensive imagery into my fancy. Yet I then scarce conceived what it meant, or thought of it as a reckoning that concerned me. Not childhood alone, but the young man till thirty, never feels practically that he is mortal. He knows it indeed, and, if need were, he could preach a homily on the fragility of life; but he brings it not home to himself, any more than in a hot June we can appropriate to our imagination the freezing days of December. But now, shall I confess a truth? I feel these audits but too powerfully. I begin to count the probabilities of my duration, and to grudge at the expenditure of moments and shortest periods, li ke misers farthings. In proportion as the years both lessen and shorten, I set more count upon their periods, and would fain lay my ineffectual finger upon the spoke of the great wheel. I am not content to pass away like a weavers shuttle. Those  metaphors  solace me not, nor sweeten the unpalatable draught of mortality. I care not to be carried with the tide, that smoothly bears human life to eternity; and reluct at the inevitable course of destiny. I am in love with this green earth; the face of town and country; the unspeakable rural solitudes, and the sweet security of streets. I would set up my tabernacle here. I am content to stand still at the age to which I am arrived; I, and my friends: to be no younger, no richer, no  handsomer. I do not want to be weaned by age; or drop, like mellow fruit, as they say, into the grave. Any alteration, on this earth of mine, in diet or in lodging, puzzles and discomposes me. My household-gods plant a terrible fixed foot, and are not rooted up without bloo d. They do not willingly seek Lavinian shores. A new state of being staggers me. 7  Sun, and sky, and breeze, and solitary walks, and summer holidays, and the greenness of fields, and the delicious juices of meats and fishes, and society, and the cheerful glass, and candle-light, and  fire-side  conversations, and innocent vanities, and jests, and  irony itselfdo these things go out with life? 8  Can a ghost laugh, or shake his gaunt sides, when you are pleasant with him? 9  And you, my midnight darlings, my Folios! must I part with the intense delight of having you (huge armfuls) in my embraces? Must knowledge come to me, if it come at all, by some awkward experiment of intuition, and no longer by this familiar process of reading? 10  Shall I enjoy friendships there, wanting the smiling indications which point me to them here,the recognisable facethe sweet assurance of a look? 11  In winter this intolerable disinclination to dyingto give it its mildest namedoes more especially haunt and beset me. In a genial August noon, beneath a sweltering sky, death is almost problematic. At those times do such poor snakes as myself enjoy an immortality. Then we expand and burgeon. Then are we as strong again, as valiant again, as wise again, and a great deal taller. The blast that nips and shrinks me, puts me in thoughts of death. All things allied to the insubstantial, wait upon that master feeling; cold, numbness, dreams, perplexity; moonlight itself, with its shadowy and spectral appearances,that cold ghost of the sun, or Phoebus sickly sister, like that innutritious one denounced in the Canticles:I am none of her minionsI hold with the Persian. 12  Whatsoever thwarts, or puts me out of my way, brings death into my mind. All partial evils, like humours, run into that capital plague-sore. I have heard some profess an indifference to life. Such hail the end of their existence as a port of refuge; and speak of the grave as of some soft arms, in which they may slumber as on a pillow. Some have wooed deathbut out upon thee, I say, thou foul, ugly phantom! I detest, abhor, execrate, and (with Friar John) give thee to six-score thousand devils, as in no instance to be excused or tolerated, but shunned as a universal viper; to be branded, proscribed, and spoken evil of! In no way can I be brought to digest thee, thou thin, melancholy  Privation, or more frightful and confounding  Positive! 13  Those antidotes, prescribed against the fear of thee, are altogether frigid and insulting, like thyself. For what satisfaction hath a man, that he shall lie down with kings and emperors in death, who in his  life-time  never greatly coveted  the society of such bed-fellows?or, forsooth, that so shall the fairest face appear?why, to comfort me, must Alice Wn be a goblin? More than all, I conceive disgust at those impertinent and misbecoming familiarities, inscribed upon your ordinary tombstones. Every dead man must take upon himself to be lecturing me with his odious truism, that such as he now is, I must shortly be. Not so shortly, friend, perhaps, as thou imaginest. In the meantime I am alive. I move about. I am worth twenty of thee. Know thy betters! Thy New Years Days are past. I survive, a jolly candidate for 1821. Another cup of wineand while that turn-coat bell, that just now mournfully chanted the obsequies of 1820 departed, with changed notes lustily rings in a su ccessor, let us attune to its peal the song made on a like occasion, by hearty, cheerful Mr. Cotton. THE NEW YEARHark, the cock crows, and yon bright starTells us, the day himselfs not far;And see where, breaking from the night,He gilds the western hills with light.With him old Janus doth appear,Peeping into the future year,With such a look as seems to say,The prospect is not good that way.Thus do we rise ill sights to see,And gainst ourselves to prophesy;When the prophetic fear of thingsA more tormenting mischief brings,More full of soul-tormenting gall,Than direst mischiefs can befall.But stay! but stay! methinks my sight,Better informd by clearer light,Discerns sereneness in that brow,That all contracted seemd but now.His reversd face may show distaste,And frown upon the ills are past;But that which this way looks is clear,And smiles upon the New-born Year.He looks too from a place so high,The Year lies open to his eye;And all the moments open areTo the exact discoverer.Yet more and more he smiles uponThe happy revolution.Why should we then suspect or fearThe influences of a year ,So smiles upon us the first morn,And speaks us good so soon as born?Plague ont! the last was ill enough,This cannot but make better proof;Or, at the worst, as we brushd throughThe last, why so we may this too;And then the next in reason shoudBe superexcellently good:For the worst ills (we daily see)Have no more perpetuity,Than the best fortunes that do fall;Which also bring us wherewithalLonger their being to support,Than those do of the other sort:And who has one good year in three,And yet repines at destiny,Appears ungrateful in the case,And merits not the good he has.Then let us welcome the New GuestWith lusty brimmers of the best;Mirth always should Good Fortune meet,And renders een Disaster sweet:And though the Princess turn her back,Let us but line ourselves with sack,We better shall by far hold out,Till the next Year she face about. 14  How say you, readerdo not these verses smack of the rough magnanimity of the old English  vein? Do they not fortify like a cordial; enlarging the heart, and productive of sweet blood, and generous spirits, in the concoction? Where be those puling fears of death, just now expressed or affected? Passed like a cloudabsorbed in the purging sunlight of clear poetryclean washed away by a wave of genuine Helicon, your only Spa for these hypochondriesAnd now another cup of the generous! and a merry New Year, and many of them, to you all, my masters! New Years Eve, by Charles Lamb, was first published in the January 1821 issue of  The London Magazine  and was included in  Essays of Elia, 1823 (reprinted by Pomona Press in 2006).

The Sources of Conflict in the Middle East Essay

The Sources of Conflict in the Middle East - Essay Example 142). Other theories such as international relations, religious conflict and civil war theories have been used to explain the sources of conflict in the Middle East. Theories of international relations conceptualize what drives state-to-state relations and state behaviour. There are essentially two main theories of international relations: liberalists and neo-realists theories. Liberalists theorize that the spread of liberal politics will eventually lead to world peace while neo-realists theorize that the forces driving the international system encourages all states to â€Å"look to their own self-interests and to prepare for war† (Linklater 2000, p. 833). Looked at from the liberalist theory of international relations the sources of conflict in the Middle East derive from the fact that the region is comprised of non-liberal or non-democratic regimes. Liberalists argue that â€Å"political systems externalize norms of behviour that characterize their domestic process and inst itutions† (Attar 2009, p. 97). Therefore, democratic political systems focus on â€Å"peace† and â€Å"compromise† (Attar 2009, p. 97). Non-democratic political systems on the other hand, focus on â€Å"the elimination or subjugation of political opponents and the forceful resolution of political conflict† (Attar 2009, p. 97). ... It is conceptualized that liberal states temper conflicts among the citizenry because it not only protects human rights, but encourages citizens to express discontent (Sorli 2001). However, it can be argued that non-liberal states can also temper conflict by suppressing citizens’ rights to express discontent (Sorli 2001). It therefore follows that the liberalist theory of international relations is not a satisfactory explanation for the source of conflict in the Middle East. The non-democratic regimes in the Middle East can just as easily contribute to peace as it can contribute to conflict. According to Maoz, Landau and Malz (2004), the neo-realists theory of international relations finds currency in the modern history of the Middle East. According to the neo-realist theory of international relations, states are driven by self-interests and power politics to such an extent that conflict regionally and/or globally is unavoidable. As Maoz et al (2004) argues, Arab states in the Middle East often express a â€Å"common heritage†, yet they may exhibit conduct and values that are inconsistent with that heritage. Egypt made an attempt to harmonize Arab heritage in the Middle East during the 1950s and 1960s and was frequently in conflict with Iraq, Syria, Saudi Arabia and Jordan. Other attempts to harmonize the Arab Middle East such as the Baghdad Pact sponsored by the UK and the US also resulted in regional conflicts such as the Egyptian-Iraqi conflict during the 1950s (Maoz et al 2004). Power politics as espoused by neo-realist theories is also confirmed by Nasser’s attempt to circumvent and dismantle the monarchies in Arab and Saudi Arabia. Saudi Arabia and Jordan responded with hostility. As Maoz et al (2004) observed: